Evolução da Captação Miocárdica de 18F-FDG em Paciente com Diagnóstico de Cardiotoxicidade / Progression of Myocardial 18F-FDG Uptake in a Patient with Cardiotoxicity

Resumo O objetivo deste relato é mostrar a evolução da cardiotoxicidade (CTX) por quimioterápicos em paciente com linfoma por exames de imagens, destacando a importância da captação miocárdica de flúor-18 fluordeoxiglicose (18F-FDG) pela tomografia por emissão de pósitrons, acoplada à tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT). Feminino, 43 anos, com linfoma uterino, submetida a histerectomia, três esquemas de quimioterapia (QT), sucessivamente, e radioterapia. Apresentou episódios de insuficiência cardíaca aguda dois anos após QT. Ecocardiograma mostrou redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE). Análise retrospectiva do 18F-FDG PET/CT observou elevação da captação miocárdica em todos os exames durante o seguimento oncológico. Apesar da remissão oncológica, a paciente desenvolveu IC com FEVE reduzida. Durante a QT, ocorreu aumento difuso e significativo da captação miocárdica de 18F-FDG, que precedeu a queda do desempenho cardíaco, e pareceu refletir alterações metabólicas nos cardiomiócitos relacionadas à CTX. A análise da captação miocárdica de 18F-FDG modificaria o desfecho cardiológico da paciente? Esse questionamento é relevante, visto que outros pacientes podem se beneficiar desse método como marcador precoce de CTX. Os exames de imagem são imprescindíveis no acompanhamento de pacientes com risco de CTX. O ecocardiograma permanece como principal auxílio diagnóstico, porém o 18F-FDG PET/CT pode estar surgindo como uma poderosa ferramenta para um diagnóstico mais precoce dessa condição clínica.

Abstract The objective of this case report was to present the progression of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in a patient with lymphoma, highlighting the importance of myocardial fluor-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake by positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography (PET/CT). 43-year-old female patient with uterine lymphoma, who underwent hysterectomy followed by three chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy. The patient had episodes of acute heart failure two years after chemotherapy. Echocardiogram revealed a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). A retrospective analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT showed an increase in myocardial uptake in all tests performed during oncologic treatment. Despite disease remission, the patient developed heart failure with reduced LVEF. During chemotherapy, there was a diffuse, significant increase in myocardial 18F-FDG uptake, which preceded the decrease in myocardial performance and seemed to reflect metabolic changes in cardiomyocytes, related to cardiotoxicity. Would an analysis of myocardial 18F-FDG uptake yield a different cardiac outcome in this patient? This question is relevant, considering that other patients may benefit from the use of PET as an early marker of cardiotoxicity. Imaging tests are essential in the follow-up of patients at risk of cardiotoxicity. Although echocardiography remains the main imaging test in the diagnosis of cardiotoxicity, 18F-FDG PET/CT may be a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of this condition.

Multimodal analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia in the management of acute postoperative spinal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis / Analgesia multimodal versus analgesia controlada pelo paciente no tratamento da dor aguda pós-operatória da coluna: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Spine diseases have a high annual prevalence and are the main causes of years lived with disability and chronic pain. Among the postoperative analgesic control options, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and multimodal analgesia (MMA) have shown good clinical results. This meta-analysis seeks new evidence to help in the treatment of acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing spinal surgery. CONTENTS: The following databases were used: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline and Embase. Studies that compared two post-surgical analgesic interventions were included; MMA and PCA. The parameters evaluated were: analgesic effect; opioid consumption; length of hospital stay; and adverse effects. Registration of the systematic review protocol: (PROSPERO CRD42023446627). There was no statistical difference when assessing analgesic improvement comparing MMA to PCA (MD -0.12 [-0.41, 0.17] 95%CI with p=0.69). There was a statistical difference, with lower opioid consumption in MMA compared to PCA (MD -3.04 [-3.69, -2.39] 95%CI with p=0.0002). Statistically significant difference regarding length of hospital stay in favor of MMA (MD -13.17 [-16.98, -9.36] 95%CI with p=0.00001), and significantly lower incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing MMA in compared to PCA (OR 0.26 [0.11, -0.64] 95%CI with p=0.003). CONCLUSION: MMA was equivalent to PCA in the treatment of acute postoperative spinal pain, with the significant clinical advantage and safety of lower amounts of infused opioids, shorter hospital stay and lower incidence of adverse effects.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As doenças da coluna apresentam alta prevalência anual e são as principais causas de anos vividos com incapacidade e de cronificação da dor. Dentre as opções de controle analgésico pós-operatória, a analgesia controlada pelo paciente (ACP) e a analgesia multimodal (AMM) apresentam bons resultados clínicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novas evidências que auxiliem no tratamento da dor aguda no pós-operatório do paciente submetido à cirurgia da coluna. CONTEÚDO: As bases de dados utilizadas: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline e Embase. Foram incluídos estudos que compararam duas intervenções analgésicas pós-cirúrgicas; AMM e ACP. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: efeito analgésico; consumo de opioide; tempo de internação hospitalar e efeitos adversos. Registro do protocolo de revisão sistemática: (PROSPERO CRD42023446627). Não houve diferença estatística quando avaliadas a melhora analgésica comparando a AMM à ACP (MD -0,12 [-0,41, 0,17] 95%CI com p=0,69). Houve diferença estatística, com menor consumo de opioide na AMM em comparação à ACP (MD -3,04 [-3,69, -2,39] 95%IC com p=0,0002). Diferença estatística significativa com relação ao tempo de permanência hospitalar a favor da AMM (MD -13,17 [-16,98, -9,36] 95%IC com p=0,00001), e incidência significativamente menor de náuseas e vômitos nos pacientes submetidos a AMM em comparação a ACP (OR 0,26 [0,11, -0,64] 95%IC com p=0,003). CONCLUSÃO: A AMM foi equivalente à ACP no tratamento da dor aguda pós-operatória da coluna, com a significativa vantagem clínica e a segurança de menores quantidades de opioides infundidos, menor tempo de internação hospitalar e menor incidência de efeitos adversos.

Consideraciones médico-legales laborales de la fórmula de Balthazard / Occupational medical-legal considerations of the Balthazard formula

La determinación del porcentaje de pérdida en pacientes lesionados con múltiples secuelas por riesgos de trabajo resulta un verdadero reto para el perito, esto adquiere mayor relevancia cuando en el fuero judicial se pueden presentar discrepancias en los criterios para el uso o no de fórmulas matemáticas para el cálculo. La fórmula de suma combinada, creada por el Médico Forense Víctor Balthazard, no es más que un ordenamiento de una regla de tres que ordena los porcentajes otorgados a cada secuela de mayor a menor para evitar que el porcentaje final sobrepase el 100%, o bien que resulte en un porcentaje mayor que una secuela única puntuada en el baremo y que por gravedad en la intensidad de la misma resulte con un porcentaje menor al calculado por la secuela múltiple y que se ha utilizado en fueros laborales y de seguridad social alrededor del mundo. El Baremo contenido en el Código de Trabajo no establece explícitamente la forma en que se calcula el porcentaje de pérdida por secuelas múltiples, lo cual brinda libertad al perito para utilizar fórmulas, como lo es la fórmula de suma combinada, que permite calcular de forma congruente las pérdidas sucesivas sin sobrepasar a la persona más allá de su capacidad general total del 100% o de otorgar porcentajes mayores a secuelas de mayor gravedad que la suma de las pérdidas por el evento que se está valorando.

The determination of the percentage of loss in injured patients with multiple sequelae due to occupational hazards is a real challenge for the expert, this becomes even more relevant when in the judicial system there may be discrepancies in the criteria for the use or not of mathematical formulas for the calculation. The combined sum formula, created by the Forensic Physician Victor Balthazard, is nothing more than an arrangement of a rule of three that orders the percentages given to each sequel from highest to lowest to avoid that the final percentage exceeds 100%, or that it results in a higher percentage than a single sequel scored in the scale and that due to the severity in the intensity of the same results in a lower percentage than that calculated for the multiple sequel and that has been used in labor and social security courts around the world. The Schedule contained in the Labor Code does not explicitly establish the way in which the percentage of loss for multiple sequelae is calculated, which gives the expert the freedom to use formulas, such as the combined sum formula, which allows a congruent calculation of the successive losses without exceeding the person's total general capacity of 100% or to grant higher percentages to sequelae of greater severity than the sum of the losses for the event being valued.

Estimulación cerebral profunda combinada del núcleo subtalámico y el globo pálido interno en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Combined subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

Introducción: La estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) del núcleo subtalámico (NST) y el globo pálido interno (GPi) son los principales abordajes quirúrgicos en la enfermedad de Parkinson avanzada. La estimulación suele aplicarse de forma bilateral en la misma estructura cerebral. Sin embargo, cuando diferentes síntomas motores se presentan concomitantemente en el mismo paciente, la modulación simultánea de diferentes estructuras cerebrales puede ser una alternativa eficaz. Caso clínico: Presentamos un paciente con enfermedad de Parkinson avanzada en el que se realizó ECP combinada en NST y el GPi. La ECP del NST izquierdo controló de manera óptima la sintomatología del hemicuerpo derecho, mientras que las discinesias problemáticas que presentaba en el hemicuerpo izquierdo se redujeron con éxito mediante la estimulación del GPi derecho. Discusión. La estimulación combinada del NST/GPi puede considerarse un enfoque neuroquirúrgico adecuado cuando surge una sintomatología motora desafiante en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson avanzada.(AU)

Introduction: Subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) are the main surgical approaches for advanced Parkinson’s disease. Stimulation is usually applied bilaterally in the same brain structure. However, when various motor symptoms concomitantly present in the same patient, simultaneous modulation of different brain structures may be a suitable alternative. Case report: We present a patient with advanced Parkinson’s disease with a combined DBS neurosurgery. Left STN DBS optimally controlled the off right hemibody symptomatology while left side troublesome dyskinesias were successfully relieved by right GPi stimulation. Discussion: Combined STN/GPi stimulation can be considered a suitable approach when challenging motor symptomatology arises in advanced Parkinson’s disease patients.(AU)

Combined ultrasound and electric field stimulations improve pain and functional capacity in immediate cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial, double-blind, and placebo-controlled / Terapia combinada de estimulação elétrica por meio do ultrassom melhora a dor e a capacidade funcional no pós-parto imediato de cesariana: ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Wound complications and pharmacological pain relief methods used at the skin surgical site after cesarean delivery may result in women's physical and emotional burden. Thus, nonpharmacological treatments must be explored to avoid these complications and side effects on maternal health. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Combined Ultrasound and Electric Field Stimulation (CUSEFS) on cicatricial pain and functional capacity in immediate cesarean delivery. METHODS: This study has a randomized clinical trial, double-blind, and placebo-controlled design. Thirty women (25.7±5.0 years) in immediate postpartum were randomly assigned to three groups: Control (CG, n:9), CUSEFS (TG, n:11), and Placebo (PG, n:10). CUSEFS was performed once for 20 minutes. Cicatricial pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire) and functional capacity (Functional Capacity Check) was assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and after 30 minutes. Cohen's (d) and Mixed-design analysis of variance were used to compare groups. RESULTS: Immediately after the intervention, TG showed a decrease in cicatricial pain compared with CG in sensory (d:3.8 to 4.0), affective (d:4.0), and total categories (d:3.9). In functional capacity, TG had less difficulty than CG at walking (d:0.6) and lying down (d:1.1), and PG at rest (d: 0.9). CONCLUSION: CUSEFS might be a resource for managing cicatricial pain and functional capacity in immediate cesarean delivery. Further studies with longer duration and different CUSEFS doses/parameters are required.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As complicações na ferida e o uso de métodos farmacológicos de alívio da dor no local cirúrgico após a cesariana podem resultar em sobrecarga física e emocional para a mulher. Assim, tratamentos não farmacológicos devem ser explorados para evitar essas complicações e efeitos adversos à saúde materna. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da terapia combinada de estimulação elétrica por meio do ultrassom (CUSEFS) na dor cicatricial e na capacidade funcional no pós-parto imediato de cesariana. MÉTODOS: Este estudo possui um desenho de ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo. Trinta mulheres (25,7±5,0 anos) em pós-parto imediato de cesariana foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos: Controle (CG, n:9), CUSEFS (TG:11) e Placebo (PG, n:10). O CUSEFS foi realizado uma vez por 20 minutos. A dor cicatricial (Questionário de Dor McGill) e a capacidade funcional (Functional Capacity Check) foram avaliadas no início, após a intervenção e após 30 minutos. As análises de variância de design misto e Cohen (d) foram usadas para comparar os grupos. RESULTADOS: Imediatamente após a intervenção, o TG apresentou diminuição na dor cicatricial em relação ao CG nas categorias sensorial (d:3,8 a 4,0), afetiva (d:4,0) e total (d:3,9). Na capacidade funcional, o TG apresentou menor dificuldade que o CG na marcha (d:0,6) e deitado (d:1,1), e que o PG em repouso (d:0,9). CONCLUSÃO: O CUSEFS pode ser um recurso para o manejo da dor cicatricial e da capacidade funcional imediatamente após a cesariana. Além disso, são necessários mais estudos com maior duração e diferentes doses/parâmetros de CUSEFS.

Facoemulsificación y trabeculostomía con láser excímero en ojos con hipertensión ocular o glaucoma leve y catarata. Experiencia real, eficacia y seguridad / Real life experience following combined excimer laser trabeculostomy and phacoemulsification in eyes with ocular hypertension or mild glaucoma and cataract

Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de la trabeculostomía con láser excímero (ELT) y facoemulsificación en ojos con hipertensión ocular (HTO) o glaucoma leve y catarata. Métodos Estudio unicéntrico de ojos a los que se realizó facoemulsificación y ELT entre 2017 y 2021. Se evaluó el cambio en la presión intraocular (PIO), la necesidad de medicamentos para controlar la PIO, la agudeza visual mejor corregida, las complicaciones y las reintervenciones. El éxito del procedimiento se definió como una reducción del 20% de la PIO, una PIO ≤14mmHg o la reducción de medicamentos con una PIO menor o igual a la preoperatoria. Resultados El seguimiento promedio fue de 658 ±64días. El promedio de PIO preoperatoria fue 17,76 ±4,88mmHg y disminuyó a 15,35 ±3,10mmHg al año de seguimiento (n=37) (p = 0,006) y a 14,00 ±3,78mmHg a los 3años (n=8) (p=0,074). El número de medicamentos para controlar la PIO disminuyó de 2,02 ±1,00 en el preoperatorio a 1,02 ±0,96 al año (n=37) (p<0,001) y a 1,63 ±0,92 a los 3años de seguimiento (n=8) (p=0,197). El éxito completo se alcanzó en el 17,7% de los ojos y el éxito calificado en el 54,8%. Dos ojos de 2 pacientes presentaron hipema postoperatorio temprano. Dos ojos de un paciente requirieron una cirugía filtrante y dos ojos de un paciente una trabeculoplastia selectiva para controlar la PIO. Conclusiones La combinación de ELT y facoemulsificación es efectiva y segura en ojos con HTO o glaucoma leve y catarata. En esta serie hubo una reducción significativa de la PIO y del número de medicamentos para controlar la PIO (AU)

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification and excimer laser trabeculostomy (ELT) in eyes with cataract and mild controlled glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods Single-centre analysis of eyes that underwent phacoemulsification and ELT between 2017 and 2021. Change in intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medication requirements, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), complications and re-interventions were evaluated. Success was defined as a reduction ≥20% from preoperative IOP, an IOP ≤14mmHg or a reduction in glaucoma medication requirements with an IOP equal or lower than the preoperative IOP. Results Mean follow-up was 658 ±64days. Mean preoperative IOP was 17.76 ±4.88mmHg, it decreased to 15.35 ±3.10mmHg at 1 year (n=37) (P=.006) and to 14.00 ±3.78 at 3years (n=8) (P=.074). Mean number of glaucoma medication requirements decreased from 2.02 ±1.0 preoperatively to 1.02 ±0.96 at 1 year (n=37) (P<.001) and to 1.63 ±0.92 at 3years (n=8) (P=.197). Complete success was achieved in 17.7% of eyes and qualified success in 54.8%. Two eyes of 2 patients had early postoperative hyphema. Two eyes of 1 patient underwent filtering surgery 2 months after the procedure, and 2 eyes of 1 patient underwent laser trabeculoplasty 3.8years after the procedure due to uncontrolled IOP. Conclusions Combined phacoemulsification and ELT is effective and safe in eyes with mild glaucoma or OHT and cataract. It significantly reduced IOP and glaucoma medication requirements 1 year after surgery (AU)

Comportamiento de la anemia por toxicidad a la quimioterapia en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón

Fundamento: la anemia constituye una de las toxicidades más frecuentes con factores de riesgo intrínsecos en el paciente. La anemia por toxicidad debido a la quimioterapia se considera una disfunción hematopoyética de una sola estirpe de causa iatrogénica por su relación al tratamiento. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la anemia por toxicidad a la quimioterapia en los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón que recibieron tratamiento con quimioterapia en el Hospital Provincial Docente Oncológico María Curie de la provincia Camagüey, en el período de enero del 2020 a diciembre del 2022. La población objeto de estudio estuvo constituida por 101 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, estadiamiento, condición al egreso y anemia por toxicidad. Se empleó como método el análisis documental, a través de la revisión de las historias clínicas. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino con 73,3 % de los casos de cáncer de pulmón, no se evidenciaron diferencias en cuanto a la edad acorde al sexo. La mayor parte de los pacientes se encontraron en los estadios IIIA 36,6 % y IIIB 33,6 %. El 56,4 % egresaron en condición de vivo y el 21,8 % de los pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia desarrollaron anemia por toxicidad. Conclusiones: predominó el sexo masculino, la mayoría de los pacientes se encontraron en los estadios IIIA y IIIB, el mayor porciento de pacientes egresó vivo y un número considerable de los que recibieron quimioterapia desarrollaron anemia por toxicidad.

Foundation: anemia constitutes one of the most frequent toxicities with intrinsic risk factors in the patient. Anemia due to toxicity due to chemotherapy is considered a single-line hematopoietic dysfunction of iatrogenic cause due to its relationship to treatment. Objective: to characterize the behavior of anemia due to toxicity to chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer. Method: a descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in patients with lung cancer who received chemotherapy treatment at the María Curie Provincial Teaching Oncology Hospital in Camagüey province, from January 2020 to December 2022. The population under study the study consisted of 101 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The variables studied were: age, sex, staging, condition at discharge and anemia due to toxicity. Documentary analysis was used as a method, through the review of medical records. Results: the male sex predominated with 73.3 % of the cases of lung cancer, there were no differences in terms of age according to sex. Most of the patients were found in stages IIIA 36.6 % and IIIB 33.6 %. 56.4 % were discharged alive and 21.8 % of the patients who received chemotherapy developed anemia due to toxicity. Conclusions: the male sex predominated, most of the patients were in stages IIIA and IIIB, the highest percentage of patients were discharged alive and a considerable number of those who received chemotherapy developed anemia due to toxicity.

Real life experience following combined excimer laser trabeculostomy and phacoemulsification in eyes with ocular hypertension or mild glaucoma and cataract.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification and excimer laser trabeculostomy (ELT) in eyes with cataract and mild controlled glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS: Single-centre analysis of eyes that underwent phacoemulsification and ELT between 2017 and 2021. Change in intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medication requirements, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), complications and re-interventions were evaluated. Success was defined as a reduction ≥20% from preoperative IOP, an IOP ≤ 14 mmHg or a reduction in glaucoma medication requirements with an IOP equal or lower than the preoperative IOP. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 658 ± 64 days. Mean preoperative IOP was 17.76 ± 4.88 mmHg, it decreased to 15.35 ± 3.10 mmHg at 1 year (n = 37) (p = 0.006) and to 14.00 ± 3.78 at 3 years (n = 8) (p = 0.074). Mean number of glaucoma medication requirements decreased from 2.02 ± 1.0 preoperatively to 1.02 ± 0.96 at 1 year (n = 37) (p < 0.001) and to 1.63 ± 0.92 at 3 years (n = 8) (p = 0.197). Complete success was achieved in 17.7% of eyes and qualified success in 54.8%. Two eyes of 2 patients had early postoperative hyphema. Two eyes of 1 patient underwent filtering surgery 2 months after the procedure, and 2 eyes of 1 patient underwent laser trabeculoplasty 3.8 years after the procedure due to uncontrolled IOP. CONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification and ELT is effective and safe in eyes with mild glaucoma or OHT and cataract. It significantly reduced IOP and glaucoma medication requirements 1 year after surgery.

Educación, ejercicio terapéutico y terapia manual en el dolor orofacial. Estudio de casos / Education, therapeutic exercise, and manual therapy approaches in orofacial pain. Case reports

Introducción Los trastornos temporomandibulares son la causa más común de dolor crónico orofacial. Intervenciones pasivas como la terapia manual (TM) es de las herramientas más utilizadas. Sin embargo, este tipo de abordajes puede resultar insuficiente. La investigación de nuevas estrategias, ahora de naturaleza activa, como son el ejercicio o la educación, es necesaria para generar un cambio en la práctica clínica de los profesionales sanitarios y brindar una atención completa al paciente con dolor crónico. Objetivos Analizar el efecto de tres abordajes principales de forma combinada sobre el dolor, factores psicosociales, variables funcionales y biomecánicas. Métodos Se siguió un diseño de estudio de casos compuesto por tres sujetos divididos en tres modelos de intervención: educación para el dolor y terapia manual (PEdu+TM), ejercicio terapéutico y terapia manual (PEjerc+TM) y terapia manual cervical y orofacial (PTM). El periodo de intervención duró 3-4 semanas; las medidas fueron tomadas en tres momentos: preintervención, postintervención inmediata y 45 días postintervención. Dolor, características psicosociales y funcionalidad del paciente fueron evaluadas con diferentes herramientas validadas. Resultados Los resultados mostraron a corto plazo una mejora en todas las variables analizadas en el PEdu+TM y en el PEjerc+TM, pero no en el PTM. A medio plazo (45 días postintervención), el PEdu+TM mostró beneficios en todas las variables estudiadas mientras que el PEjerc+TM generó cambios positivos en las mismas variables excluyendo el dolor. Conclusión El tratamiento combinado podría ser una intervención más eficaz que la terapia manual a solas, siendo necesarios ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que corroboren dichos hallazgos (AU)

Introduction Temporomandibular disorders are the most common cause of chronic orofacial pain. Passive interventions such us manual therapy (MT) is being one of the most used tools. However, this type of approach may be insufficient. The investigation of new strategies, now of an active nature such as exercise or education, it is necessary to generate a change in the clinical practice of health professionals and provide comprehensive care to patients with chronic pain. Objectives To analyze the effect of three main approaches in combination on pain, psychosocial factors, functional and biomechanical variables. Methods A case study design was followed consisting of three subjects divided into three intervention models: pain education and manual therapy (PEdu+TM), therapeutic exercise and manual therapy (PExer+TM), and cervical and orofacial manual therapy (PTM). The intervention period lasted 3-4 weeks, the measurements were taken at three moments: pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention and 45 days post-intervention. Pain, psychosocial characteristics and functionality of the patient were evaluated with different validated tools. Results The results showed in the short-term an improvement in all the variables analyzed in the PEdu+TM and in the PExer+TM, but not in the PTM. In the medium term (45 days post-intervention), the PEdu+TM showed benefits in all the variables studied, while the PExer+TM generated positive changes in the same variables, excluding pain. Conclusion Combined treatment could be a more effective intervention than manual therapy alone, requiring randomized clinical trials to corroborate these findings (AU)

Degeneración combinada subaguda

Introducción: La degeneración combinada subaguda (DCS) es un trastorno caracterizado por la degeneración difusa de la sustancia blanca a nivel del SNC, que afecta específicamente los cordones posteriores y laterales de la médula espinal, con pérdida de la mielinización periférica y central. De manera frecuente, las manifestaciones clínicas son parestesias y debilidad generalizada causada por deficiencia de vitamina B12. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 79 años, con cuadro clínico de 3 meses de evolución de limitación funcional para la marcha acompañado de desorientación. Al examen físico evidenció desorientación, cuadriparesia e hiporreflexia, con niveles séricos bajos de vitamina B12, RM cervical con focos hiperintensos en el segmento C3/C6 y endoscopia de vías digestivas altas con atrofia de la mucosa gástrica. Presentamos un caso clínico de DCS. Discusión: Este es un caso de DCS que se manifiesta por medio de una alteración neuropsiquiátrica, con una presentación inicial inespecífica que comprende deterioro de la marcha, movimientos anormales con afectación cognitiva y psiquiátrica dada por alucinaciones visuales y desorientación. Su sospecha es importante en pacientes con factores de riesgo por medio del conocimiento de la patología, para una adecuada sospecha diagnóstica y una instauración oportuna de reposición vitamínica, la cual presenta una excelente respuesta. Conclusión: La DCS es un trastorno en el que se evidencia anemia con deficiencia de vitamina B12, des-mielinización del tejido nervioso y en muchos casos signos sugestivos de atrofia gástrica, y para ello es crucial la detección temprana de esta enfermedad por medio de la determinación de niveles séricos de vitamina B12, asociado a síntomas neurológicos, para así lograr su adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Introduction: Subacute combined degeneration (DCS) is a disorder characterized by diffuse degeneration of white matter at the CNS level, specifically affecting the posterior and lateral cords of the spinal cord, also with loss of peripheral and central myelination, frequently the clinical manifestations are paresthesias and generalized weakness caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. Case presentation: A 79-year-old male patient with a 3-month history of functional limitation for walking accompanied by disorientation. On physical examination, he revealed disorientation, quadriparesis, and hyporeflexia, with low serum levels of vitamin B12, cervical MRI with hyperintense foci in segment C3/C6, and upper digestive tract endoscopy with atrophy of the gastric mucosa. We present a clinical case of DCS. Discussion: This is a case of DCS that manifests itself through neuropsychiatric alteration with a nonspecific initial presentation with gait impairment, abnormal movements with cognitive and psychiatric affectation given by visual hallucinations and disorientation. Its suspicion is important in patients with risk factors. risk through knowledge of the pathology for an adequate diagnostic suspicion and a timely establishment of vitamin replacement for which it presents an excellent response. Conclusion: DCS is a disorder where anemia with vitamin B12 deficiency, demyelination of the nervous tissue and in many cases signs suggestive of gastric atrophy are evident, for which early detection of this disease is crucial through the determination of serum levels of vitamin B12 associated with neurological symptoms, in order to achieve its proper diagnosis and treatment.

Nuclear Medicine in Brazilian Health System / Medicina Nuclear en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil / A Medicina Nuclear no Sistema Único de Saúde

Nuclear Medicine is crucial for the care of patients with diseases, especially oncological and cardiovascular ones. However, access to it is unequal due to the lack of equipment and producing and supplying units of inputs. Current legislation does not adequately address these aspects, and the dominance of foreign capital is a concern, as it can lead to the scrapping of the current system. National production of radiopharmaceuticals has suffered numerous setbacks, such as budget cuts, indiscriminate market opening, and delays in completing the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor project. Public data from 2015 to 2021 were analyzed to evaluate access to Nuclear Medicine by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), including the number of facilities, procedures, tariffs, and trade balance. Although Brazil has many Nuclear Medicine facilities, its geographic distribution is extremely uneven. Factors such as equipment acquisition and maintenance costs and lack of qualified personnel are real obstacles to the expansion of Nuclear Medicine in Brazil. The country is financially dependent on foreign capital for this area, which limits its expansion according to SUS guidelines. Social and economic policies are necessary to minimize SUS technological vulnerabilities, promote system sustainability, and ensure universal and equitable access to specialized healthcare services.

A Medicina Nuclear é crucial para o cuidado de pacientes com doenças, especialmente oncológicas e cardiovasculares. No entanto, o acesso a ela é desigual, devido à falta de equipamentos e unidades produtoras e fornecedoras de insumos. As legislações atuais não abordam adequadamente esses aspectos, e o domínio do capital externo é uma preocupação, pois pode levar ao sucateamento do parque atual. A produção nacional de radiofármacos tem sofrido inúmeros reveses, como cortes orçamentários, a abertura indiscriminada de mercado e o atraso na conclusão do projeto do Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro. Foram analisados dados públicos de 2015 a 2021 para avaliar o acesso à Medicina Nuclear pelo SUS, incluindo o número de instalações, procedimentos, tarifas e balança comercial. Embora o Brasil tenha muitas instalações de Medicina Nuclear, sua distribuição geográfica é extremamente desigual. Fatores como custos de aquisição e manutenção de equipamentos e falta de pessoal qualificado são obstáculos reais à expansão da MN no Brasil. O país é financeiramente dependente de capital estrangeiro para essa área, o que limita a expansão da área de acordo com as diretrizes do SUS. Políticas sociais e econômicas são necessárias para minimizar as vulnerabilidades tecnológicas do SUS, promover a sustentabilidade do sistema e garantir o acesso universal e equânime aos serviços especializados de saúde.

Obtener un mejor tratamiento para el paciente con hipotiroidismo

Introducción: El hipotiroidismo es una entidad de visita frecuente al endocrinólogo, establecer el mejor tratamiento es un desafío, a pesar del manejo adecuado y de un control hormonal óptimo, en ocasiones los pacientes continúan con los síntomas que afectan su calidad de vida, por lo que el tratamiento debe ser individualizado, basado en la mejor evidencia. Objetivo: Establecer las mejores opciones terapéuticas en las diferentes formas de presentación del hipotiroidismo. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática en las bases de datos de PubMed, Medline, LILACS, EMBASE, Redalyc y guías internacionales. Los criterios de inclusión fueron publicaciones en inglés y español, en las que el título, palabras clave o resumen incluyen información pertinente al objetivo de estudio, periodicidad no mayor a los 5 años a excepción de las guías que son las últimas revisiones. En la búsqueda se obtuvieron 30 artículos de los cuales fueron 14 seleccionados. Conclusiones: Se establecieron las opciones terapéuticas con el fin de obtener un mejor tratamiento para el paciente hipotiroideo que debe ser individualizado y basado en la mejor evidencia, para alcanzar un control adecuado de su enfermedad, mejorar la calidad de vida y evitar complicaciones relacionadas con esta patología.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is an entity that is frequently seen at the endocrinologist´s. establishing the best treatment is a challenge, despite proper management and optimal hormonal control, sometimes patients continue with symptoms which affect their quality of life, therefore that treatment should be individualized, based on the best evidence. Objective: To establish the best therapeutic options in hypothyroidism different forms of presentation. Methods: A non-systematic bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, Medline, LILACS, EMBASE, Redalyc databases and in the international guidelines. The inclusion criteria were publications in English and Spanish, in which the title, keywords or abstract include relevant information to the objective of the study, with a periodicity of no more than 5 years, except for the guidelines that the latest revisions were used. In the search, 30 articles were retrieved, 14 which were selected. Conclusions: The therapeutic options were established in order to find better treatment for hypothyroid patients, which must be individualized and based on the best evidence, to achieve adequate control of the disease, to improve the quality of life and to avoid related complications.

A propósito de un caso: ìntervención psicoterapéutica en trastorno por déficit de tención e hiperactividad y dependencia de cannabis / About a case: psychotherapeutic intervention in tension deficit hyperactivity disorder and cannabis dependence

La intervención en pacientes con TDAH y Trastorno por consumo de cannabis ha adquirido una creciente relevancia en los últimos años debido a sus potenciales implicaciones sobre la clínica y la evolución de la enfermedad. El abordaje integral de ambos trastornos tiene como finalidad optimizar el proceso de recuperación ayudando al paciente a reconstruir sus vidas y evitar recaídas, y se orienta como un enfoque exitoso. A continuación exponemos la gestión de un caso de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad y Dependencia de Cannabis implementado en CSMiA Gràcia (AU)

Intervention in patients with ADHD and Cannabis Use Disorder has acquired increasing relevance in recent years due to its potential implications on the clinical and evolution of the disease. The comprehensive approach to both disorders aims to optimize the recovery process by helping the patient to rebuild their lives and avoid relapses, and is oriented as a successful approach. Below we present the management of a case of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Cannabis Dependence implemented at CSMiA Gràcia (AU)

Preoperative chemotherapy versus upfront surgery for advanced gastric cancer: a propensity score matching analysis / Quimioterapia pré-operatória versus cirurgia de princípio para câncer gástrico avançado: análise por escore de propensão

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Surgical resection remains the main curative therapeutic modality for advanced gastric cancer. Recently, the association of preoperative chemotherapy has allowed the improvement of results without increasing surgical complications. AIMS: To evaluate the surgical and oncological outcomes of preoperative chemotherapy in a real-world setting. METHODS: A retrospective review of gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy was performed. Patients were divided into two groups for analysis: upfront surgery and preoperative chemotherapy. The propensity score matching analysis, including 9 variables, was applied to adjust for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Of the 536 patients included, 112 (20.9%) were referred for preoperative chemotherapy. Before the propensity score matching analysis, the groups were different in terms of age, hemoglobin level, node metastasis at clinical stage- status, and extent of gastrectomy. After the analysis, 112 patients were stratified for each group. Both were similar for all variables assigned in the score. Patients in the preoperative chemotherapy group had less advanced postoperative p staging (p=0.010), postoperative n staging (p<0.001), and pTNM stage (p<0.001). Postoperative complications, 30- and 90-days mortality were similar between both groups. Before the propensity score matching analysis, there was no difference in survival between the groups. After the analysis, patients in the preoperative chemotherapy group had better overall survival compared to upfront surgery group (p=0.012). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that American Society of Anesthesiologists III/IV category and the presence of lymph node metastasis were factors significantly associated with worse overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative chemotherapy was associated with increased survival in gastric cancer. There was no difference in the postoperative complication rate and mortality compared to upfront surgery.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A ressecção cirúrgica continua sendo a principal modalidade terapêutica curativa para o câncer gástrico avançado. Recentemente, a associação de quimioterapia pré-operatória tem permitido a melhora dos resultados sem aumentar as complicações cirúrgicas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os resultados cirúrgicos e oncológicos da quimioterapia pré-operatória em um cenário do mundo real. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma revisão retrospectiva de pacientes com câncer gástrico submetidos à gastrectomia. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos para análise: cirurgia inicial e quimioterapia pré-operatória. A análise por escore de propensão, incluindo 9 variáveis, foi aplicada para ajustar possíveis fatores de confusão. RESULTADOS: Dos 536 pacientes incluídos, 112 (20,9%) foram encaminhados para quimioterapia pré-operatória. Antes da análise por escore de propensão, os grupos eram diferentes em termos de idade, nível de hemoglobina, status de node metastasis at clinical stage e extensão da gastrectomia. Após a análise, 112 pacientes foram estratificados para cada grupo. Ambos foram semelhantes para todas as variáveis atribuídas no escore. O grupo da quimioterapia pré-operatória apresentou estágios postoperative p staging (p=0,010), postoperative n staging (p<0,001) e pTNM menos avançados (p<0,001). As complicações pós-operatórias e a mortalidade em 30 e 90 dias foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Antes da análise por escore de propensão, não houve diferença na sobrevida entre os dois grupos. Após a análise, o grupo da quimioterapia pré-operatória apresentou melhor sobrevida global em comparação ao grupo da cirurgia inicial (p=0,012). As análises multivariadas demostraram que a categoria American Society of Anesthesiologists III/IV e a metástase linfonodal foram fatores significativamente associados à pior sobrevida global. CONCLUSÕES: A quimioterapia pré-operatória foi associada à maior sobrevida no câncer gástrico. Não houve diferença na taxa de complicações pós-operatórias e mortalidade em comparação com a cirurgia inicial.

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis: study protocol of a phase ii trial / Quimioterapia intraperitoneal para o câncer gástrico com carcinomatose peritoneal: protocolo de estudo de um ensaio de fase ii

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Peritoneal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer is considered a fatal disease, without expectation of definitive cure. As systemic chemotherapy is not sufficient to contain the disease, a multimodal approach associating intraperitoneal chemotherapy with surgery may represent an alternative for these cases. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in stage IV gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. METHODS: This study is a single institutional single-arm prospective clinical trial phase II (NCT05541146). Patients with the following inclusion criteria undergo implantation of a peritoneal catheter for intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Stage IV gastric adenocarcinoma; age 18-75 years; Peritoneal carcinomatosis with peritoneal cancer index<12; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0/1; good clinical status; and lab exams within normal limits. The study protocol consists of four cycles of intraperitoneal chemotherapy with paclitaxel associated with systemic chemotherapy. After treatment, patients with peritoneal response assessed by staging laparoscopy undergo conversion gastrectomy. RESULTS: The primary outcome is the rate of complete peritoneal response. Progression-free and overall survivals are other outcomes evaluated. The study started in July 2022, and patients will be screened for inclusion until 30 are enrolled. CONCLUSIONS: Therapies for advanced gastric cancer patients have been evaluated in clinical trials but without success in patients with peritoneal metastasis. The treatment proposed in this trial can be promising, with easy catheter implantation and ambulatory intraperitoneal chemotherapy regime. Verifying the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel with systemic chemotherapy is an important progress that this study intends to investigate.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A carcinomatose peritoneal no câncer gástrico é considerada uma doença fatal, sem expectativa de cura definitiva. Como a quimioterapia sistêmica não é suficiente para conter a doença, uma abordagem multimodal associando a quimioterapia intraperitoneal à cirurgia pode representar uma alternativa para esses casos. OBJETIVOS: Investigar o papel da quimioterapia intraperitoneal em pacientes com câncer gástrico estágio IV com metástases peritoneais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico prospectivo unicêntrico, braço único, fase II (NCT05541146). Pacientes com os seguintes critérios de inclusão serão submetidos à implantação de cateter peritoneal para quimioterapia intraperitoneal: adenocarcinoma gástrico estágio IV; idade 18-75 anos; carcinomatose peritoneal com índice de câncer peritoneal<12; ECOG 0/1; bom estado clínico e exames laboratoriais dentro da normalidade. O protocolo do estudo consiste em 4 ciclos de quimioterapia intraperitoneal com Paclitaxel associado à quimioterapia sistêmica. Após o tratamento, os pacientes com resposta peritoneal avaliada por laparoscopia serão submetidos à gastrectomia de conversão. RESULTADOS: O desfecho primário é a taxa de resposta peritoneal completa. A sobrevida livre de progressão e global são outros desfechos avaliados. O estudo foi iniciado em julho de 2022 e os pacientes serão selecionados para inclusão até que 30 sejam inscritos. CONCLUSIONS: Terapias para pacientes com câncer gástrico avançado foram avaliadas em ensaios clínicos, mas sem sucesso em pacientes com metástase peritoneal. O tratamento proposto neste estudo pode ser promissor, com fácil implantação do cateter e regime de quimioterapia intraperitoneal ambulatorial. Verificar a eficácia e segurança do Paclitaxel associado à quimioterapia sistêmica é um progresso importante que o presente estudo pretende investigar.

Musculoskeletal pitfalls in 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT / Pitfalls do sistema musculoesquelético na PET/CT com 68Ga-PSMA

Abstract Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein expressed in normal prostate cells and overexpressed in prostate cancer. Consequently, it is an important tool in the evaluation of prostate cancer, including the staging of high-risk patients and the assessment of biochemical recurrence. Despite the "specific" designation, benign musculoskeletal conditions, such as fractures, osteodegenerative changes, and fibrous dysplasia, can also show PSMA uptake, which can lead to misinterpretation of the imaging findings. Therefore, radiologists must be aware of these potential pitfalls, understand their causes, and fully analyze their morphologic features on unfused computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging scans to correctly interpret the examination. In this pictorial essay, we review the basic characteristics of the 68Ga-PSMA positron-emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) radiotracer, discuss potential causes of false-positive findings on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in the musculoskeletal system, and illustrate the corresponding imaging findings.

Resumo O antígeno de membrana próstata específico (PSMA) é uma proteína transmembrana que apresenta expressão em células prostáticas normais e superexpressão em neoplasia da próstata. Dessa forma, é uma importante ferramenta na avaliação da neoplasia prostática, de utilidade no estadiamento de pacientes de alto risco e na análise de recorrência bioquímica. Apesar do termo "específico", condições musculoesqueléticas benignas podem demonstrar captação de PSMA, como fraturas, alterações osteodegenerativas e displasia fibrosa, podendo levar a uma avaliação equivocada dos achados de imagem. Assim, o radiologista deve conhecer esses potenciais pitfalls, compreender suas causas e analisar as características morfológicas nas imagens não fundidas de TC e RM para interpretar corretamente o exame. Neste ensaio iconográfico, revisaremos as características básicas do radiofármaco 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, discutiremos possíveis causas de resultados falso-positivos na 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT no sistema musculoesquelético e ilustraremos os achados de imagem correspondentes.

Redução da ansiedade relacionada ao cateterismo cardíaco: aceitabilidade de intervenção complexa / Reducción de la ansiedad relacionada con el cateterismo cardíaco: aceptabilidad de intervención compleja / Reducing cardiac catheterization-related anxiety: acceptability of a complex intervention

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a aceitabilidade de pessoas submetidas ao cateterismo cardíaco não programado acerca de uma intervenção complexa (IC) de enfermagem para reduzir a ansiedade. Métodos Estudo qualitativo e avaliativo da aceitabilidade de 15 participantes submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco acerca de uma IC de enfermagem. A coleta de dados foi realizada na unidade de emergência de um hospital de alta complexidade da cidade de São Paulo, especializado em cardiologia. Os participantes tinham diagnóstico de Síndrome Coronariana Aguda e receberam a IC, constituída por componente musical e educativo, denominada Education and Music Intervention to Reduce Anxiety (EMIRA). Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro a outubro de 2021, e os participantes foram submetidos à entrevista semiestruturada. As perguntas norteadoras da entrevista foram elaboradas com base em Kazdin. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas para análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Para analisar a aceitabilidade dos participantes da EMIRA, utilizou-se o aporte teórico das Representações Cotidianas. Resultados A análise da aceitabilidade em relação à EMIRA permitiu a identificação de três categorias: Intervenção complexa EMIRA: nova experiência que ajuda a entender o cateterismo cardíaco; Intervenção complexa EMIRA: uma experiência que gera satisfação; e Intervenção complexa EMIRA: uma experiência que alivia a ansiedade. Os participantes relataram sensações de calma, alívio, tranquilidade, satisfação, e recomendaram o uso da EMIRA. Conclusão A experiência dos participantes com a EMIRA foi positiva, sugerindo boa aceitabilidade da IC por pessoas aguardando a realização do cateterismo não programado na unidade de emergência.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la aceptabilidad de una intervención compleja (IC) de enfermería para reducir la ansiedad de personas sometidas a un cateterismo cardíaco no programado. Métodos Estudio cualitativo y evaluativo de aceptabilidad de una IC de enfermería en 15 participantes sometidos a un cateterismo cardíaco. La recopilación de datos se realizó en una unidad de emergencia de un hospital de alta complejidad de la ciudad de São Paulo, especializado en cardiología. Los participantes tenían diagnóstico de Síndrome Coronario Agudo y recibieron la IC, que tenía un componente musical y educativo, denominada Education and Music Intervention to Reduce Anxiety (EMIRA). Se recopilaron los datos en el período de septiembre a octubre de 2021, y los participantes respondieron una entrevista semiestructurada. Las preguntas orientadoras de la entrevista se elaboraron con base en Kazdin. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y se transcribieron para el análisis de contenido de Bradin. Para analizar la aceptabilidad de los participantes de la EMIRA, se utilizó el aporte teórico de las representaciones cotidianas. Resultados El análisis de aceptabilidad de la intervención EMIRA permitió identificar tres categorías: Intervención compleja EMIRA: nueva experiencia que ayuda a entender el cateterismo cardíaco, Intervención compleja EMIRA: una experiencia que genera satisfacción e Intervención compleja EMIRA: una experiencia que calma la ansiedad. Los participantes relataron sensaciones de calma, alivio, tranquilidad y satisfacción, y recomendaron el uso de la EMIRA. Conclusión La experiencia de los participantes con la intervención EMIRA fue positiva, lo que sugiere una buena aceptabilidad de la IC por parte de personas que aguardan la realización de un cateterismo no programado en la unidad de emergencia.

Abstract Objective To analyze the acceptability of people undergoing unscheduled cardiac catheterization about a complex nursing intervention (CI) to reduce anxiety. Methods This is a qualitative and evaluative study of the acceptability of 15 participants who underwent cardiac catheterization regarding a nursing CI. Data collection was carried out in the emergency unit of a highly complex hospital in the city of São Paulo, specialized in cardiology. Participants had a diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome and received the CI, consisting of a musical and educational component, called Education and Music Intervention to Reduce Anxiety (EMIRA). Data were collected from September to October 2021, and participants underwent a semi-structured interview. The guiding questions of the interview were elaborated based on Kazdin. The interviews were recorded and transcribed for Bardin's content analysis. To analyze EMIRA participants' participants, Representations of Everyday Life's theoretical contribution was used. Results Acceptability analysis in relation to EMIRA allowed identifying three categories: EMIRA complex intervention: new experience that helps to understand cardiac catheterization; Complex EMIRA intervention: an experience that generates satisfaction; and EMIRA complex intervention: an anxiety-relieving experience. Participants reported feelings of calm, relief, tranquility, satisfaction, and recommended using EMIRA. Conclusion Participants' experience with EMIRA was positive, suggesting good acceptability of CI by people awaiting unscheduled catheterization in the emergency unit.

Nanoformulaciones avanzadas contra la infección bacteriana / Advanced nanoformulations against bacterial infection

En la actualidad, los antibióticos constituyen la piedra angular en el tratamiento de las infecciones bacterianas. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas, las bacterias han desarrollado mecanismos de defensa que las hace altamente resistentes a los antibióticos existentes, lo que nos deja vulnerables frente a las infecciones. La Organización Mundial de la Salud alerta de que las resistencias bacterianas constituyen una grave amenaza para la toda la humanidad y que necesitamos urgentemente el desarrollo de nuevos antibacterianos. La nanotecnología ha irrumpido en este escenario proporcionando herramientas novedosas para el diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de numerosas patologías, principalmente el cáncer. De este modo, la nanomedicina permite abordar diferentes enfermedades utilizando nanotransportadores de fármacos capaces de dirigirse de forma selectiva a la diana terapéutica, aumentando así la eficacia del tratamiento y disminuyendo los efectos secundarios. Este discurso se centra en las nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice (MSNs), cuyas propiedades únicas y enorme versatilidad permiten diseñar múltiples nanosistemas para tratar infecciones bacterianas. Su capacidad para dirigirse específicamente a las bacterias y/o al biofilm, liberar distintos fármacos de manera controlada y/o inteligente en respuesta a determinados estímulos, e incorporar cationes terapéuticos en terapias combinadas, auguran el desarrollo de nanoformulaciones avanzadas que podrían revolucionar la lucha contra la infección bacteriana. (AU)

Nowadays, antibiotics remain the cornerstone in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, in recent decades, bacteria have developed defense mechanisms that make them highly resistant to the existing antibiotics, leaving us vulnerable to infection. The World Health Organization warns that bacterial resistance constitutes a serious threat to humanity at global level and that there is an urgent need of developing new antibacterial agents. Nanotechnology has entered into this scenario by providing novel tools for the treatment of numerous pathologies, highlighting cancer. Nanomedicine brings up the opportunity to address different diseases using drug nanocarriers that can be specifically directed to the therapeutic target, increasing the efficacy of the treatment and reducing the side effects. This entrance speech focuses on mesoporous silica nanoparticles, whose unique properties and enormous versatility allow the design of multiple nanosystems to treat bacterial infections. Its ability to specifically target bacteria and/or biofilm, release different drugs in a controlled manner and/or in a smart fashion, i.e. in response to certain stimuli, and incorporate therapeutic cations for combined therapies, envision the development of advanced nanoformulations that could revolutionize the fight against bacterial infection. (AU)

Tratamiento de COVID-19 en Panamá. La historia del inicio, estudio PanaCovid2020

Antecedentes En Panamá, durante los primeros cinco meses de pandemia, se reportaron 65,256 casos y 1,421 fallecimientos por COVID-19. Los tratamientos utilizados en pacientes hospitalizados durante este periodo fueron variando en la medida que surgía evidencia científica. Metodología Presentamos un estudio multicéntrico observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo de la terapéutica administrada en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en siete centros estatales de la República de Panamá, entre el 1 de marzo al 31 de julio de 2020. Se analizó el resultado de recuperado o fallecido en relación al uso de hidroxicloroquina, heparinas y esteroides. Resultados Se revisaron 837 expedientes. 60.7% pacientes eran hombres y la mediana de edad fue 53.6 años. Los tratamientos más utilizados fueron heparinas 84.7%, esteroides sistémicos 76.5%, azitromicina 65.5% e hidroxicloroquina en 41.1%. La frecuencia de uso de oxigenoterapia fue de cánula nasal 73,2%, máscara facial con reservorio 39%, cánula de alto flujo 8.9%, ventilación mecánica no invasiva 11.1% y ventilación invasiva en el 15.3%. Los esteroides mostraron mayor tasa de recuperación (OR 1.72 [1.16-2.54). Conclusiones El reto de abordar una nueva enfermedad, sin tratamiento conocido, con evolución y desenlace variable, llevó a la comunidad médica a utilizar medicamentos empíricos con potencial terapéutico incierto. Destacamos que desde muy temprano se administró esteroides sistémicos, heparinas y tocilizumab; actualmente con beneficios para pacientes con requerimientos de hospitalización. Además, se empleó técnicas de oxigenación, como la cánula de alto flujo y ventilación mecánica no invasiva, con dudosa efectividad; pero que hoy ya tienen un rol estudiado en la falla respiratoria por COVID-19. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Background: In Panama, during the first five months of the pandemic, 65,256 cases and 1,421 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported. The treatments used in hospitalized patients during this period varied as scientific evidence emerged. Methodology: We present a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, multicenter study of the therapeutics administered in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in seven state centers in the Republic of Panama, between March 1 and July 31, 2020. The outcome of recovered or deceased was analyzed in relation to the use of hydroxychloroquine, heparins and steroids. Results: A total of 837 files were reviewed. 60.7% of patients were men and the median age was 53.6 years. The most commonly used treatments were heparins 84.7%, systemic steroids 76.5%, azithromycin 65.5% and hydroxychloroquine in 41.1%. The frequency of oxygen therapy use was nasal cannula 73.2%, face mask with reservoir 39%, high-flow cannula 8.9%, noninvasive mechanical ventilation 11.1% and invasive ventilation in 15.3%. Steroids showed higher recovery rate (OR 1.72 [1.16-2.54). Conclusions: The challenge of dealing with a new disease, without known treatment, with variable evolution and outcome, led the medical community to use empirical drugs with uncertain therapeutic potential. We highlight the early administration of systemic steroids, heparins and tocilizumab; currently with benefits for patients requiring hospitalization. In addition, oxygenation techniques were used, such as high-flow cannula and noninvasive mechanical ventilation, with doubtful effectiveness, but which today have a studied role in respiratory failure due to COVID-19.   (provided by Infomedic International)